i will be uploading english grammer lessons every once in a while

i hope you find it usefull

i will begin my first lesson

in my next reply

if you have any questions

i will make sure to answer all of your questions

راح ابدي انزل لكم بين فتره و فتره

درس في قواعد اللغه الانجليزيه

و اتمنى انكم تستفيدون معاي

و راح ابتدي مع اول درس من دروس القواعد في الرد القادم

و اي سؤال عندكم راح اجاوب عنه

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
AS + ADJECTIVE + AS

To compare people, places, events or things, when there is no difference, use as + adjective + as:

Peter is 24 years old. John is 24 years old. Peter is as old as John.


More examples:

Moscow is as cold as St. Petersburg in the winter.
Ramona is as happy as Raphael.
Einstein is as famous as Darwin.
A tiger is as dangerous as a lion.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARATIVE + THAN
To compare the difference between two people, things or events.


Examples:


Mt. Everest is higher than Mt. Blanc.
Thailand is sunnier than Norway.
A car is more expensive than a bicycle.
Albert is more intelligent than Arthur.

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
FORMING THE COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE
Number of syllables
Comparative
Superlative

one syllable
+ -er
+ -est

tall
taller
tallest


one syllable with the spelling consonant + single vowel + consonant: double the final consonant:

fat
fatter
fattest

big
bigger
biggest

sad sadder saddest






Number of syllables Comparative Superlative
two syllables + -er OR more + adj + -est OR most + adj
ending in: -y, -ly, -ow
ending in: -le, -er or -ure
these common adjectives - handsome, polite, pleasant, common, quiet

happy
happier/ more happy
happiest/ most happy

yellow yellower/ more yellow
yellowest/ most yellow

simple
simpler/ more simple
simplest/ most simple

tender
tenderer/ more tender
tenderest/ most tender


If you are not sure, use MORE + OR MOST +
Note: Adjectives ending in '-y' like happy, pretty, busy, sunny, lucky etc:. replace the -y with -ier or -iest in the comparative and superlative form

busy
busier
busiest


Number of syllables Comparative Superlative
three syllables or more more + adj most + adj
important more important
most important
expensive more expensive most expensive

Examples:

a. A cat is fast, a tiger is faster but a cheetah is the fastest
b. A car is heavy, a truck is heavier, but a train is the heaviest
c. A park bench is comfortable, a restaurant chair is more comfortable, but a sofa is the most comfortable

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
IRREGULAR COMPARATIVES AND SUPERLATIVES
These adjectives have completely irregular comparative and superlative forms:

Adjective
Comparative
Superlative

good
better
best

bad
worse
worst

little
less
least

much
more
most

far
further / farther
furthest / farthest

COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as

as many as / as few as + countable nouns
as much as / as little as + uncountable nouns
Examples:

With countable nouns:

They have as many children as us.
We have as many customers as them.
Tom has as few books as Jane.
There are as few houses in his village as in mine.
You know as many people as I do.
I have visited the States as many times as he has.
With uncountable nouns:

John eats as much food as Peter.
Jim has as little food as Sam.
You've heard as much news as I have.
He's had as much success as his brother has.
They've got as little water as we have

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show difference: more, less, fewer + than

Examples:

With countable nouns: more / fewer

Eloise has more children than Chantal.
Chantal has fewer children than Eloise.
There are fewer dogs in Cardiff than in Bristol
I have visited fewer countries than my friend has.
He has read fewer books than she has.
With uncountable nouns: more / less

Eloise has more money than Chantal.
Chantal has less money than Eloise.
I spend less time on homework than you do.
Cats drink less water than dogs.
This new dictionary gives more information than the old one.
So, the rule is:

MORE + nouns that are countable or uncountable
FEWER + countable nouns
LESS + uncountable nouns

COMPARISONS OF QUANTITY
To show no difference: as much as , as many as, as few as, as little as

as many as / as few as + countable nouns
as much as / as little as + uncountable nouns
Examples:

With countable nouns:

They have as many children as us.
We have as many customers as them.
Tom has as few books as Jane.
There are as few houses in his village as in mine.
You know as many people as I do.
I have visited the States as many times as he has.
With uncountable nouns:

John eats as much food as Peter.
Jim has as little food as Sam.
You've heard as much news as I have.
He's had as much success as his brother has.
They've got as little water as we have.

FORM AND FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES
FORM
1. Adjectives are invariable:
They do not change their form depending on the gender or number of the noun.

A hot potato Some hot potatoes

2. To emphasise or strengthen the meaning of an adjective use 'very' or 'really':

A very hot potato
Some really hot potatoes.


(BUT see also Modifiers/Adverbs)

3. Position of adjectives:
a) Usually in front of a noun: A beautiful girl.

b) After verbs like "to be", "to seem" , "to look", "to taste":

The girl is beautiful
You look tired
This meat tastes funny.
c) After the noun: in some fixed expressions:

The Princess Royal
The President elect
a court martial
the adjectives involved, present, concerned:

I want to see the people involved/concerned (= the people who have something to do with the matter)
Here is a list of the people present (= the people who were in the building or at the meeting)
Be careful! When these adjectives are used before the noun they have a different meaning:

An involved discussion = detailed, complex
A concerned father = worried, anxious
The present situation = current, happening now

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
Difference can also be shown by using not so/as ...as:

Mont Blanc is not as high as Mount Everest
Norway is not as sunny as Thailand
A bicycle is not as expensive as a car
Arthur is not as intelligent as Albert

FORM AND FUNCTION OF ADJECTIVES
ORDER
Where a number of adjectives are used together, the order depends on the function of the adjective. The usual order is:

Value/opinion, Size, Age/Temperature, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material

Value/opinion delicious, lovely, charming
Size small, huge, tiny
Age/Temperature old, hot, young
Shape round, square, rectangular
Colour red, blonde, black
Origin Swedish, Victorian, Chinese
Material plastic, wooden, silver

Examples:

a lovely old red post-box
some small round plastic tables
some charming small silver ornaments

COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES
THE + SUPERLATIVE
'the' is placed before the superlative:

For example:

He is the richest man in the world.
That is the biggest crocodile I have ever seen.
She is the tallest girl in her class.

KINDS OF ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY

These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.

Common adverbs of certainty:


certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':

He definitely left the house this morning.
He is probably in the park.
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
He will probably remember tomorrow.
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:

Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:


Example:

Surely you've got a bicycle?

KINDS OF ADVERBS

VIEWPOINT AND COMMENTING ADVERBS

There are some adverbs and adverbial expressions which tell us about the speaker's viewpoint or opinion about an action, or make some comment on the action.

Viewpoint

Frankly, I think he is a liar. (= this is my frank, honest opinion)
Theoretically, you should pay a fine. (= from a theoretical point of view but there may be another way of looking at the situation)

These adverbs are placed at the beginning of the sentence and are separated from the rest of the sentence by a comma.

Some common Viewpoint adverbs:

honestly, seriously, confidentially, personally, surprisingly, ideally, economically, officially, obviously, clearly, surely, undoubtedly.

Examples:

Personally, I'd rather go by train.
Surprisingly, this car is cheaper than the smaller model.
Geographically, Britain is rather cut off from the rest of Europe.
Commenting

She is certainly the best person for the job.
You obviously enjoyed your meal.
These are very similar to viewpoint adverbs, and often the same words, but they go in a different position - after the verb to be and before the main verb.

Some common Commenting adverbs:

definitely, certainly, obviously, simply.

DEFINING WORDS: WHICH AND WHOSE
In a statement, these words define or explain which thing or person is referred to:

Example:

He went back to the house. (Which house?) The house which stood on the corner. = He went back to the house which stood on the corner.


I saw the man. (Which man?) The man whose car you damaged. = I saw the man whose car you damaged.
More examples:

He couldn't remember which film he had seen.
That's the man whose wife works in my office.
Tell me which coffee you like.
The woman whose dog bit you is at the door

PRE-DETERMINERS: SUCH, WHAT, RATHER, QUITE
These words are normally placed before the indefinite article.
Such and what are often used to express surprise or other emotions:

Examples:

a. What a lovely day!
b. She's such a lovely woman!
c. What an incredible film!
d. He's such a fantastic guitarist!

Rather and quite are 'commenting' words, referring to the degree of a particular quality. They can express disappointment, pleasure, or other emotions, and are used before a/an + adjective + noun:

Examples:

a. It's rather a small car. (= I'm a bit disappointed because it's small)
b. It was quite a nice day.(= I was agreeably surprised.)
c. He's had quite a bad accident. (= I'm worried)
d. I've just met rather a nice man. (= I'm pleased)

THE DEMONSTRATIVES: THIS, THAT, THESE, THOSE
1. Function

The demonstratives this, that, these, those ,show where an object or person is in relation to the speaker.
This (singular) and these (plural) refer to an object or person near the speaker. That (singular) and those (plural) refer to an object or person further away. It can be a physical closeness or distance as in:

Who owns that house? (distant)
Is this John's house? (near)

Or it can be a psychological distance as in:

That's nothing to do with me.. (distant)
This is a nice surprise! (near)

2. Position

a) Before the noun.
b) Before the word 'one'.
c) Before an adjective + noun.
d) Alone when the noun is 'understood'.

Examples:

This car looks cleaner than that one.
This old world keeps turning round
Do you remember that wonderful day in June?
I'll never forget this.

DIFFERENCE WORDS: OTHER, ANOTHER
These words refer to something different, remaining, or additional.

They are placed before the noun.

Another is used with singular nouns, other with singular or plural.

There are other jobs you could try.
Where's the other packet of cereals?
Is there any other bread?
Have another cup of tea

THE DISTRIBUTIVES: ALL, BOTH, HALF
These words can be used in the following ways:

ALL + 1

2

3

4a

4b
-

the

my, your, etc.

this, that

these, those
Uncountable noun

or

Countable noun in the plural

Uncountable noun

Countable noun in the plural




Example:
1. All cheese contains protein
All children need affection
2. All the people in the room were silent.
Have you eaten all the bread?
3. I've invited all my friends to the party.
I've been waiting all my life for this opportunity.
4a. Who's left all this paper on my desk?
4b. Look at all those balloons!

BOTH + 1

2

3

4
-

the

my, your, etc.

these, those


Countable noun in the plural




Example:
1. Both children were born in Italy.
2. He has crashed both (of) the cars.
3. Both (of) my parents have fair hair.
4 You can take both (of) these books back to the library.
See note below







HALF +
1

2

3

4
a

the

my, your, etc.

this, that,
these, those
Uncountable

or

countable noun





Example:
1. I bought half a kilo of apples yesterday.
2. You can have half (of) the cake.
She gave me half (of) the apples.
3. I've already given you half (of) my money.
Half (of) his books were in French.
4 Half (of) these snakes are harmless
You can take half (of) this sugar.

NOTE: All, both, half + OF: 'OF' must be added when followed by a pronoun:

All of you; both of us; half of them
It is also quite common to add it in most of the above situations except when there is no article (No.1 in all the tables above.)

THE DISTRIBUTIVES

EACH, EVERY, EITHER, NEITHER

These distributive words are normally used with singular nouns, and are placed before the noun.

Each, either and neither can be used with plural nouns but must be followed by 'of':

Each is a way of seeing the members of a group as individuals:

Each child received a present.
Each of the children received a present.
Every is a way of seeing a group as a series of members:

Every child in the world deserves affection.
It can also express different points in a series, especially with time expressions:

Every third morning John goes jogging.
This magazine is published every other week.
Either and Neither are concerned with distribution between two things - either is positive, neither is negative:

Which chair do you want? Either chair will do.
I can stay at either hotel, they are both good
There are two chairs here. You can take either of them.
Neither chair is any good, they're both too small.
Which chair do you want? Neither of them - they're both too small.

EXCEPTIONS TO USING THE DEFINITE ARTICLE
There is no article:

with names of countries (if singular)
Germany is an important economic power.
He's just returned from Zimbabwe.
(But: I'm visiting the United States next week.)
with the names of languages
French is spoken in Tahiti.
English uses many words of Latin origin.
Indonesian is a relatively new language.
with the names of meals.
Lunch is at midday.
Dinner is in the evening.
Breakfast is the first meal of the day.
with people's names (if singular):
John's coming to the party.
George King is my uncle.
(But: we're having lunch with the Morgans tomorrow.)
with titles and names:
Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son.
President Kennedy was assassinated in Dallas.
Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend.
(But: the Queen of England, the Pope.)
After the 's possessive case:
His brother's car.
Peter's house.
with professions:
Engineering is a useful career.
He'll probably go into medicine.
with names of shops:
I'll get the card at Smith's.
Can you go to Boots for me?
with years:
1948 was a wonderful year.
Do you remember 1995?
With uncountable nouns:
Rice is the main food in Asia.
Milk is often added to tea in England.
War is destructive.
with the names of individual mountains, lakes and islands:
Mount McKinley is the highest mountain in Alaska.
She lives near Lake Windermere.
Have you visited Long Island?
with most names of towns, streets, stations and airports:
Victoria Station is in the centre of London.
Can you direct me to Bond Street?
She lives in Florence.
They're flying from Heathrow.
in some fixed expressions, for example:
by car
by train
by air
on foot
on holiday
on air (in broadcasting)
at school
at work
at University
in church
in prison
in bed

DETERMINERS
FUNCTION AND CLASSES OF DETERMINERS

Function
Determiners are words placed in front of a noun to make it clear what the noun refers to. The word 'people' by itself is a general reference to some group of human beings. If someone says 'these people', we know which group they are talking about, and if they say 'a lot of people' we know how big the group is.


Classes of Determiners
There are several classes of determiners:

Definite and Indefinite articles
the, a, an
Demonstratives
this, that, these, those

Possessives
my, your, his, her, its, our, their

Quantifiers
a few, a little, much, many, a lot of, most, some, any, enough, etc.

Numbers
one, ten, thirty, etc.

Distributives
all, both, half, either, neither, each, every

Difference words
other, another

Question words
Which, what, whose

Defining words
which, whose

The following words are pre-determiners. They go before determiners, such as articles: such and what, half, rather, quite

THE QUANTIFIERS: ADJECTIVES AND ADJECTIVE PHRASES
Quantifiers are adjectives and adjectival phrases that give approximate answers to the questions "How much?" and "How many?"

Example:

I've got a little money.
I've got a lot of friends.

Quantifiers with countable and uncountable nouns
A few and few, a little and little
Some and any
Compound nouns made with SOME, ANY and NO
Graded Quantifiers
Enough + Noun




THE QUANTIFIERS:
COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Quantifiers with countable
and uncountable nouns

Adjectives and adjectival phrases that describe quantity are shown below. Some can only go with countable nouns (friends, cups, people), and some can only go with uncountable nouns (sugar, tea, money, advice). The words in the middle column can be used with both countable and uncountable nouns.

Only with
uncountable nouns With uncountable
and countable nouns Only with
countable nouns
How much? How much? or How many? How many?
a little no/none a few
a bit (of) not any a number (of)
- some (any) several
a great deal of a lot of a large number of
a large amount of plenty of a great number of
- lots of -
+ noun

Note: much and many are used in negative and question forms.

Example:

How much money have you got?
How many cigarettes have you smoked?
There's not much sugar in the cupboard.
There weren't many people at the concert.
They are also used with too, (not) so, and (not) as :There were too many people at the concert - we couldn't see the band.
It's a problem when there are so many people.
There's not so much work to do this week.

In positive statements, we use a lot of:

I've got a lot of work this week.
There were a lot of people at the concert

KINDS OF ADVERBS

ADVERBS OF CERTAINTY

These adverbs express how certain or sure we feel about an action or event.

Common adverbs of certainty:


certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely

Adverbs of certainty go before the main verb but after the verb 'to be':

He definitely left the house this morning.
He is probably in the park.
With other auxiliary verb, these adverbs go between the auxiliary and the main verb:

He has certainly forgotten the meeting.
He will probably remember tomorrow.
Sometimes these adverbs can be placed at the beginning of the sentence:

Undoubtedly, Winston Churchill was a great politician.

BE CAREFUL! with surely. When it is placed at the beginning of the sentence, it means the speaker thinks something is true, but is looking for confirmation:


Example:

Surely you've got a bicycle?
See also ADVERBS OF ATTITUDE

GOOD WORK

COMPLETE IT :aa_ghmaza:

& THANX A LOT

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i will , when i have time

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thank you